![]() The other most predominant amino acids were alanine, glycine, and aspartic acid with the mean concentrations of 1,053 ± 187.9, 429.8 ± 57.94, and 427 ± 101.3 nM. By analyzing and interpreting the results we demonstrated that glutamic acid was the most abundant amino acid in bull seminal plasma with average concentration of 3,366 ± 547.3 nM, which accounts for about 53% of total amino acids. Pathways and networks analyses of identified amino acids were performed using bioinformatic tools. Multivariate and univariate analyses were performed to identify potential freezability biomarkers. To accomplish this objective, amino acid concentrations in seminal plasma from seven bulls of good freezability (GF) and six bulls of poor freezability (PF) were quantified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that seminal plasma amino acids are associated with freezability of bull sperm. These gaps in the knowledge base are concerning because they prevent advances in the fundamental science of cryobiology and improvement of bull fertility. With metabolites being the end products of various metabolic pathways, the contributions of seminal plasma metabolites to sperm cryopreservation are still unknown. Sperm cryopreservation is an important technique for fertility management, but post-thaw viability of sperm differs among breeding bulls. 4Alta Genetics, Inc., Watertown, WI, United States.3Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey.2Department of Animal Genetics, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey.1Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States.Muhammet Rasit Ugur 1, Thu Dinh 1, Mustafa Hitit 1,2, Abdullah Kaya 3, Einko Topper 4, Bradley Didion 4 and Erdogan Memili 1*
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